LABOUR MARKET # ỌJÀ LÀÁLÀÁ

*LABOUR MARKET # ỌJÀ LÀÁLÀÁ*

*Làálàá* ni a lè kì gẹ́gẹ́ bí gbogbo ìgbìyànjú ọmọnìyàn ní ti irú yòówù, yálà alákọ̀ọ́mọ̀ tàbí aláìlákọ̀ọ́mọ̀, àfọpọlọṣe tàbí àfọwọ́ṣe, tí a dojú rẹ̀ kọ ìgbéjáde àwọn ire àti àwọn iṣẹ́-ìsìn.

*Ọjà* ni a lè kì gẹ́gẹ́ bí àyè kan tàbí èyíkéyìí ọ̀nà ìbánisọ̀rọ̀ níbi tí àwọn olùtà àti àwọn olùrà ti ń bára wọn sọ̀rọ̀ láti ṣe pàṣípààrọ̀ àwọn ire àti àwọn iṣẹ́-ìsìn ní iyeowó-ọjà tí a pinnu nípasẹ̀ àwọn ipá ọjà.

*Ọjà làálàá* ni a lè kì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọjà kan nínú èyí tí àwọn olùrà àti àwọn olùtà làálàá ti máa ń ní ìbápàdé pẹ́kípẹ́kí lásìkò èyí tí a máa ń pinnu tí a sì ń ní àdéhùn lórí àwọn owó-ọ̀yà àti àwọn ìṣesí àwọn iṣẹ̀-ìsìn mìíràn. Làálàá ni olùṣe ìgbéjáde náà tí a sábà máa ń rà tí a sì ń tà nínú ọjà náà.

*Labour force # Ipá làálàá*

Oríkì: Ipá làálàá ni a lè kì gẹ́gẹ́ bí àpapọ̀ gbogbo ẹni tó wà láti pèsè làálàá fún ìgbéjáde àwọn ire ọlọ́rọ̀ajé àti àwọn iṣẹ́-ìsìn. Ní gbólóhùn mìíràn, ó jẹ́ àpapọ̀ iye ènìyàn tó wà ní ọjọ́-orí iṣẹ́-ṣíṣe nínú orílẹ̀èdè kan, láwọn tí wọ́n lágbára, tí wọ́n sì nífẹ̀ẹ́, tí òfin sì gbà láyè láti ṣiṣẹ́.

Ipá làálàá ni àwọn olùgbélùú tó lákitiyan tàbí tó ń ṣiṣẹ́, ó sì níkòósínú gbogbo ẹni tó ní iṣẹ́ àti àwọn tó ń wá iṣẹ́ ní ọjà làálàá. A sábà máa ń rí wọn láàárín àkámọ́ ọjọ́-orí 18 sí 65 ọdún. Àwọn olùgbélùú tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ yàtọ̀ láti orílẹ̀èdè kan sí òmíràn.

Àwọn ẹni tí kì í ṣe ọmọẹgbẹ́ ipá làálàá níkòósínú:

(1) Àwọn ọmọ ọjọ-orí iléèwé (0 – 17 ọdún)

(2) Àwọn àgbàlágbà (lókè 65 ọdún)

(3) Àwọn abirùn (yálà ní ti ara tàbí ní ti ọpọlọ)

(4) Àwọn ẹni tí kò nífẹ̀ẹ́ láti ṣiṣẹ́ bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé abarapá niwọ́n.

*Factors affecting the size of labour force # Àwọn olùṣe tó ń lapa lórí títóbi ipá làálàá*

(1) Size of population of a country # Títóbi iye-ènìyàn orílẹ̀èdè kan: Bí iye-ènìyàn bá ṣe pọ̀ sí, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni iye làálàá ti a óò pèsè yóò ṣe ga sí.

(2) Official school leaving age # Ọjọ́-orí ìjáde ní iléèwé lọ́dọ̀ ìjọba: Tí ọjọ́-orí ìjáde níléèwé bá kéré, ìbáwọ̀n ipá làálàá yóò ga.

(3) Retirement age # Ọjọ́-orí ìfẹ̀yìntì: Ọjọ́-orí ìjáde kúrò lẹ́nu iṣẹ́ taráàlú yóò pinnu lórí ipá làálàá. Bí ọjọ́-orí náà bá ṣe ga tó ni ìpèsè làálàá yóò ṣe pọ̀ tó, bẹ́ẹ̀ náà ni ìdàkéjì.

(4) Pursuit of higher education # Ilépa ẹ̀kọ́ gíga síi: Látàrí ìlépa ẹ̀kọ́ gíga síi, ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn máa ń tayọ ọjọ́-orí ìwọlé sínú ipá làálàá lọ́dọ̀ ìjọba.

(5) Age structure of the population # Ìhun ọjọ́-orí àwọn olùgbélùú: Ìhun àwọn olùgbélùú orílẹ̀èdè kan jẹ́ olùpinnu onítumọ̀ fún títóbi ipá làálàá. Bí iye àwọn olùgbáralé bá ṣe kéré sí ni ìpèsè làálàá yóò ṣe pọ̀ sí; bẹ́ẹ̀ náà ni ìdàkéjì. Ní gbólóhùn mìíràn, ipá làálàá yóò lékún ní orílẹ̀èdè kan tí púpọ̀ jù nínú àwọn ènìyàn rẹ̀ bá wà láàárín ọjọ́-orí 18 àti 65 ọdún.

(6) Role of women in the society # Ipa àwọn obìnrin láwùjọ: Ní àwọn àwùjọ kan, a sábà máa ń kọ̀ fún àwọn obìnrin láti kópa nínú iṣẹ́ àṣejèrè nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ ẹ̀sìn, èrèdí àjùmọṣe àti àṣà; èyí sì máa ń lapa lórí títóbi ipá làálàá.

(7) Number of working hours and working days # Iye wákàtí iṣẹ́ ṣíṣe àti ti ọjọ́ iṣẹ́ ṣíṣe: Iye wákàtí iṣẹ́ ṣíṣe fún ọjọ́ kan àti iye ọjọ́ iṣẹ́ ṣíṣe nínú ọ̀sẹ̀ kọ̀ọ̀kan tàbí ọdún kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti pinnu lórí ìpèsè làálàá.

(8) The number of disabled # Iye aláàbọ̀-ara: Tí iye àwọn aláàbọ̀-ara ènìyàn bá ga, pàápàá nínú àwọn olùgbélùú tó yẹ kó máa ṣiṣẹ́, ìpèsè làálàá yóò kéré.

(9) The number of people unwilling to work # Iye àwọn ènìyàn tí kò fẹ́ iṣẹ́ í ṣe: *Iye pàtó kan wà nínú àwọn abarapá ènìyàn tí àwọn náà wà láàárín àkámọ́ ọjọ́-orí 18 àti 65 ọdún, ṣùgbọ́n tí wọn kò fẹ́ iṣẹ́ í ṣe. Tí iye wọn bá ga, èyí yóò lapa lórí títóbi ìpèsè làálàá.

(10) Migration # Ìṣíkúrò: Ìdíwọ̀n ìṣíkúrò lè lapa lóri títóbi ipá làálàá. Tí ìdíwọ̀n tí àwọn olùgbélùú tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ fi ń kúrò ní orílẹ̀èdè kan bá ga ju ìdíwọ̀n tí àwọn ènìyàn fi ń wọlé, yóò yọrí sí àdínkù nínú ìpèsè làálàá.

(11) Trade union activities # Àwọn akitiyan ẹgbẹ́ ìṣòwò: Àwọn akitiyan ẹgbẹ́ ìṣòwò lè lapa lórí ìpèsè làálàá. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, tí a bá fi àsìkò gúngùn sí ìkọ́nimọ̀ọ́nṣe lórí ìṣòwò kan pàtó, èyí lè fa ìrẹ̀wẹ̀sì fún àwọn ènìyàn láti kópa nínú irúfẹ́ ìṣòwò tàbí ìkọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ náà, tí yóò sì yọrí sí àdínkù nínú ìpèsè làálàá.

(12) Government policies # Àwọn àlàkalẹ̀ ìjọba: Àwọn àlàkalẹ̀ ìjọba kan lè lapa lórí ìpèsè làálàá. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, àyè ìtọ́mọ olóṣù mẹ́ta tàbí mẹ́fà tí a máa ń fún àwọn obìnrin lẹ́nu iṣẹ́ ìjọba lè ṣàdínkù ìpèsè làálàá ní agbègbè náà.

*Efficiency of labour # Ìjáfáfá làálàá*

Oríkì: Ìjáfáfá làálàá ni a lè kì gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára làálàá láti ṣàlékún àtìjáde láìsí ìṣàlékún ṣeéwọ̀n làálàá. Àlékun ìjáfáfá ni a sábà máa ń fihàn ní àsọye àlékún àtìjáde làálàá láàárín àsìkò kúkúrú síi láìsì ìjáwálẹ̀ nínú ìwọ̀ntayọ àwọn ire àti àwọn iṣẹ́-ìsìn tí a gbéjáde. Tí làálàá bá jáfáfá, ìwọ̀ntayọ àwọn ire àti awọn iṣẹ́-ìsìn tí a gbéjáde yóò ga.

*Factors affecting efficiency of labour # Àwọn olùṣe tó ń lapa lórí ìjáfáfá làálàá*

(1) Education and training # Ìkọ́lẹ́kọ̀ọ́ àti ìkọ́nimọ̀ọ́nṣe: Àkàsọ̀ ìkọ́lẹ́kọ̀ọ́ àti ìkọ́nimọ̀ọ́nṣe tí òṣìṣẹ́ kan gbà yóò rìn jìnnà lójúnà ìṣàlékún ìjáfáfá làálàá. Òṣìṣẹ́ tí a kọ́ lẹ́kọ̀ọ́ tabí tí a kọ́ mọ̀ọ́nṣe dáradára wà nípò láti ṣàlékún ìjáfáfá lẹ́nu iṣẹ́ rẹ̀.

(2) Level of technology # Àkàsọ̀ ìṣàmúlò-ẹ̀rọ: Ìṣàmúlò-ẹ̀rọ gíga yóò ṣàlákún ìjáfáfá làálàá.

(3) Efficient management # Ìdarí tó jáfáfá: Tí ìdarí tó jáfáfá bá wà nípò nínú èyíkéyìí àgbékalẹ̀, èyí yóò rìn jìnnà lójúnà ìmúdára síi ní ti ìjáfáfá làálàá.

(4) Personal skill of the worker # Àkọ́mọ̀ aláraẹni ti òṣìṣẹ́ náà: Bí òṣìṣẹ́ kan bá ní àkọ́mọ̀ àdámọ́ kan ní ti ṣíṣe iṣẹ́ kan pàtó, iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ yóò jáfáfá.

(5) Attractive wages # Owó-ọ̀yà tó fanimọ́ra: Tí owó-oṣù tàbí owó-ọ̀yà òṣìṣẹ́ kan bá fanimọ́ra, èyí yóò ṣàlékún tàbí ṣègbélárugẹ ìjáfáfá òṣìṣẹ́ náà.

(6) Weather condition # Ìṣesí ojú-ọjọ́: Àwọn ìṣesí onímọtara tàbí tí ojú-ọjọ́ níbi iṣẹ́ kan lè lapa lórí ìjáfáfá làálàá. Ojú-ọjọ́ gbígbóná máa ń fa ìjáfáfá làálàá wálẹ̀, ojú-ọjọ́ tàbí àyíká tútù máa ń ṣàlékún ìjáfáfá làálàá.

(7) State of health of worker # Ipò ìlera òṣìṣẹ́: Òṣìṣẹ́ abarapá ní àtiṣeéṣe láti jáfáfá ju òṣìṣẹ́ olókùnrùn.

(8) Efficiency of other factors of production # Ìjáfáfá àwọn olùṣe ìgbéjáde mìíràn: Ìjáfáfá àwọn olùṣe ìgbéjáde mìíràn bíi ilẹ̀, ojúowó àti olùdáwọ́lé nígbà tí a bá pa wọ́n pọ̀ pẹ̀lú làálàá tó jáfáfá yóò ṣàlékún àtigbéjáde.

(9) Intelligence of the workers # Làákàyè àwọn òṣìṣẹ́: Àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ kan jẹ́ onílàákàyè gidi, nígbà tí àwọn mìíràn kò jẹ́ bẹ́ẹ̀. Àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ onílàákàyè gidi kì í sábà ṣàṣìṣe.

(10) Conditions of service # Àwọn ìṣesí iṣẹ́-ìsìn: Ìṣesí iṣẹ́-ìsìn tí a múdára síi bíi wíwà ìyọ̀ǹda ìrìnkèrindò, àwọn ìfà, ìtayọ-àkókò, abbl, yóò ṣèrànwọ́ láti ṣàlékún ìjáfáfá làálàá.

(11) Application of division of labour: Ìṣàmúlò pínpín làálàá: Ìṣàmúlò pínpín làálàá àti ìlákànṣe nínú èyíkéyìí àgbékalẹ̀ lè yọrí sí ìjáfáfá làálàá.

(12) Level of commitment and attitude # Àkàsọ̀ ìfarajì àti ìhùwàsí: Àkàsọ̀ ìfarajì àti ìhùwàsí òṣìṣẹ́ kan lè lapa lórí ìjáfáfá làálàá. Nígbà tí òṣìṣẹ́ kan bá farajì gidi fún iṣẹ́ rẹ̀, èyí yóò yọrí sí ìjáfáfá làálàá.

(13) Security of job # Ààbò iṣẹ́: A lè ṣàlékún ìjáfáfá làálàá tí òṣìṣẹ́ kan bá rí i dájú pé iṣẹ́ òun wà ní ìdáàbòbò.

(14) Promotion # Ìgbéga: Ìgbéga lemọ́lemọ́ fún àwọn oṣìṣẹ́ ní èyíléyìí àgbékalẹ̀ lè yọrí sí àlékún ìjáfáfá làálàá.

*Mobility of labour # Atiṣipò làálàá*

Oríkì: Àtiṣípò làálàá ni a lè kì gẹ́gẹ́ bíi ìrọ̀rùn tí làálàá lè fi ṣípò kúrò ní agbègbè onímọ̀ilẹ̀ kan lọ sí omíran, tàbí kúrò ní ẹnu iṣẹ́ kan lọ sí òmíràn. Làálàá ni a máa ń sọ pé ó ní àtiṣípò nígbà tí yóò bá rọrùn fún àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ láti ṣípo kúrò ní agbègbè onímọ̀ilẹ̀ kan lọ sí òmíràn tàbí láti pààrọ̀ iṣẹ́.

*Types of mobility of labour # Oríṣìíríṣìí àtiṣípò làálàá*

Oríṣìíríṣìí àtiṣípò làálàá gbòógì méjì ló wà. Àwọn náà ni:

(1) Geographical mobility of labour # Atiṣípò làálàá tí onímọ̀ilẹ̀

(2) Occupational mobility of labour # Àtiṣípò làálàá ti iṣẹ́

*Geographical mobility of labour # Àtiṣípò làálàá ti onímọ̀ilẹ̀*

Àtiṣípò làálàá ti onímọ̀ilẹ̀ ń tọ́ka sí ìrọ̀rùn tí àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ tàbí làálàá lè fí ṣípò kúrò ní àyè onímọ̀ilẹ̀ kan lọ sí òmíràn ní ìlépa iṣẹ́ kannáà.

Nígbà tí òṣìṣẹ́ kan bá ṣípò kúrò ní ìlú kan lọ sí òmíràn, bí àpẹẹrẹ, kúrò ní Ìbàdàn lọ sí Èkó, láì pààrọ̀ iṣẹ́ tó ń ṣe, a máa ń sọ wí pé ó ti ṣípò ní ti onímọ̀ilẹ̀. Aṣíròówó kan ní Ìbàdàn lè ṣípò lọ sí Èkó láti tẹ̀síwájú láti máa ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bíi aṣíròowó.

*Factors affecting geographical mobility of labour # Àwọn olùṣe tó ń lapa lórí àtiṣípò làálàá ti onímọ̀ilẹ̀*

(1) Cost of transportation # Ìnáwó ìgbérìnkèrindò: Òṣìṣẹ́ kan lè lágbára láti ṣípò kúrò ní àyè kan lọ sí òmíràn tí ìnáwó ìgbérìnkèrindò bá kéré. Ṣùgbọ́n tí ó bá ga, ìṣípò yóò di ohun tó ṣòro.

(2) Accommodation problems # Àwọn ìṣòro ìgbàsílé: Àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ lè má nìí agbára láti ṣípò lọ sí àyè tuntun níbi tí àwọn ìṣòro ìgbàsílé wà.

(3) Climatic conditions # Àwọn ìṣesí ojú-ìgbà: Àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ lè ṣípò kúrò ní ibi tí àwọn ìṣesí ojú-ìgbà rẹ̀ kò gbeni lọ sí àwọn agbègbè tí ojú-ìgbà tó gbeni wà.

(4) Family and cultural ties # Àsopọ̀ ìdílé àti ti àṣà: Àwọn ọmọinú ìdílé kan tàbí ti àṣà kan lè rí i bí ohun tó ṣòro láti ṣípò kúrò ní àyè kan lọ sí òmíràn nítorí àsopọ̀ ìdílé tàbí ti àṣà tó yi.

(5) Government policies # Àwọn àlàkalẹ̀ ìjọba: Àwọn àlàkalẹ̀ ìjọba kan, fún àpẹẹrẹ, ìdásílẹ̀ Àjọ Iṣẹ́-Ìsìn Ọ̀dọ́ Ti Orílẹ̀èdè tí à ń dàpè ní Àjọ Àgùnbánirọ̀, máa ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti mọ̀ọ́nmọ̀ ṣípò làálàá lọ sí àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ yàtọ̀ sí àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ orírun wọn.

(6) Social and economic infrastructures # Àwọn àpótí-ajé ti àjùmọ̀ṣe àti ọlọ́rọ̀ajé: Wíwà àwọn àpótí-ajé ti àjùmọ̀ṣe àti ọlọ́rọ̀ajé, fún àpẹẹrẹ, ẹ̀lẹ́tíríkì, omi inú ọ̀pá àti ìgbókèèrèbánisọ̀rọ̀ máa ń ṣe kóríyá fún làálàá láti ṣípò lọ sí àwọn ibi tí àpóti-ajé wọ̀nyí wà.

(7) Discrimination # Ẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà: Làálàá lè má làágbára láti ṣípò tí ìṣeéṣe ẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà bá wà lòdì sí wọn ní òpin-àjò wọn.

(8) Language barrier # Ìdènà èdè: Nígbà tí làálàá bá rí i ní ohun tó ṣòro láti sọ èdè agbègbè kan pàtó, yóò di ohun tó ṣòro fún wọn láti ṣípò lọ sí irúfẹ́ agbègbè bẹ́ẹ̀.

*Occupational mobility of labour # Àtiṣípò làálàá ti iṣẹ́*

Àtiṣípò làálàá ti iṣẹ́ ń tọ́ka sí ìrọ̀rùn tí òṣìṣẹ́ kan tàbí làálàá fi ń ṣípò kúrò lẹ́nú iṣẹ́ kan lọ sí òmíràn. Nígbà tí òǹkọrin bá di agbábọ́ọ̀lù, ó ti pààrọ̀ iṣẹ́ rẹ̀.

*Factors affecting occupational mobility of labour # Àwọn olùṣe tó ń lapa lórí àtiṣípò làálàá ti iṣẹ́*

(1) Cost and length of training # Ìnáwó àti gúngùn ìkọ́nimọ̀ọ́nṣe: Apákan àwọn ìkọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ wọ́nwó láti ní ìkọ́nimọ̀ọ́nṣe lórí wọn ní àsọyé àkókò àti owó, fún àpẹẹrẹ, ìkọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ ìṣègùn.

(2) Ability or aptitude # Ìlágbára tàbí ẹ̀bun: Àwọn iṣẹ́ kan nílò agbára àdámọ́ tàbí ẹ̀bùn, àwọn tí kò sì lẹ́bùn kò lè yẹ lénu iṣẹ́ bẹ́ẹ̀, fún àpẹẹrẹ, akọrin.

(3) Employment prospect or age # Ìrètí tàbí ọjọ́-orí ìgbàsíṣẹ́: Lẹ́yìn ọjọ́-orí kan pàtó (fún àpẹẹrẹ 45 ọdún) àwọn agbanisíṣẹ́ kò ní í gba irúfẹ́ àwọn ènìyàn bẹ́ẹ̀. Ìrètí agbanisíṣẹ́ lórí wọn mẹ́hẹ ní bí ìgbéayé iṣẹ́-ṣíṣe wọn ṣe kúrú.

(4) Trade union or professional association restrictions # Àwọn ìpààlà ẹgbẹ́ ìṣòwò tàbí ẹgbẹ́ oníkọ̀ọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́: Àwọn ẹgbẹ́ oníkọ̀ọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ (fún àpẹẹrẹ ìṣíròowó, ìmọ̀-òfin) nílò àwọn àmúyẹ kan pàtó ṣáájú ìgbàwọlé.

(5) Personal reasons # Èrèdí aláraẹni: Ìyànláàyò aláraẹni fún iṣẹ́ kan pàtó àti àìnífẹ̀ẹ́ sí àwọn ààrọ̀ tó wà lè fa ìrẹ̀wẹ̀sí bá ìṣípò.

(6 Families and friendly ties # Àwọn àsopọ̀ ìdílé àti ti àwọn ọ̀rẹ́: Àsopọ̀ ọ̀rẹ́ nígbà mìíràn lè mú kí ó ṣ̀oro fún àwọn kan láti pààrọ̀ iṣẹ́. Bákannáà, a ti mọ àwọn ìdílé kan pé wọ́n ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìkọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ kan pàtó, yóò sì di ohun tó ṣòro fún ọmọínú ìdílé náà kan láti yọra rẹ̀ kúrò nínú ìkọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ náà.

(7) Political instability or religious crises # Àìfararọ ní ti òṣèlú tàbí ááwọ̀ ẹ̀sìn: Nígbà tí àìfararọ ní ti òṣèlú tàbí ááwọ̀ ẹ̀sìn bá wà, yóò ṣòro gidi fún làálàá láti ṣípò.

(8) Wage rate # Ìdíwọ̀n owó-ọ̀yà: Làálàá yóò ṣípò tí àlàfo gbígbòòrò bá wà láàárín àwọn owó-oṣù, ṣùgbọ́n tí ó bá kéré, làálàá lè má ṣìípò.

(9) Condition of service # Ìṣesí iṣẹ́-ìsìn: Yàtọ̀ sí owó-oṣù, àwọn ìṣesí iṣẹ́-ìsìn níbi iṣẹ́ kan, fún àpẹẹrẹ, àwọn ìfà, ìtayọ-àkókò, bọ́ọ̀sì ati ọkọ̀-ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ àti ẹ̀yáwó ilégbèé nígbà tó bá wà, yóò ṣe kóríyá fún làálàá láti má ṣìípò.

(10) Discrimination # Ẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà: Ẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà lè wà lórí akọn̄bábo, àwọ̀, ọjọ́-orí àti ẹ̀sìn. Èyí lè lapa lórí àtiṣípò làálàá ti iṣẹ́.

*~Hakeem O. Adeniyan, 19/2/2022*

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Economics In Yoruba Language

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