*MINING # ÌWAKÙSÀ*

*MINING # ÌWAKÙSÀ*

Oríkì: Ìwakùsà ni akitiyan yíyọ àwọn ohun oníyebíye jáde kúrò nínú ilẹ̀. Agbooléeṣẹ́ ìwakùsà ní Nàìjíríà níkòósínú onírúurú ọrọ̀ àlùmọ́nì tó lè fàyè gba ìdàgbà agbooléeṣẹ́ ní 10% nínú ìdàgbàsókè gbogboogbò ní ti ọrọ̀ajé. Nàìjíríà ní ìbùnkún àwọn ọrọ̀ àlùmọ́nì oníyeorí léyìí tó ń dásí àgbéjáde abẹ́lé kíkún lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ pẹ̀lú ohun tó ju 90%. Àwọn àlùmọ́nì gbòógì tó wà ní Nàìjíríà ni epo-rọ̀bì, èédú, kùsà irin, tínìn àti kòlóńbáìtì, okúta ẹfun, òjé àti sínǹkì.

*Components of Nigerian mining industry # Àwọn ẹ̀yà agbooléeṣẹ́ ìwakùsà ní Nàìjíríà*

(1) Petroleum # Epo-rọ̀bì: Epo-rọ̀bì ni àlùmọ́nì àpáta gẹ̀dẹ̀gẹ́dẹ̀ tí à ń rí ní Pọtá ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Rivers, Warri àti Úgéli ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Delta, Ìpínlẹ̀ Akwa-Ibom àti ti Ìmò.

A gbẹ́ kànǹga epo àkọ́kọ́ ní Nàìjíríà ní Oloibiri lẹ́bàá Pọtá. Àwọn Kànǹga epo mìíràn la rí ní Afam, Ugeli, Warri, Egbema, abbl.

Ohun tó bá epo-rọ̀bì kẹ́gbẹ́ pẹ́kípẹ́kí ni afẹ́fẹ́ àdámọ́ tí à ń lò fún ìdáná. A máa ń fọ epo-rọ̀bì nípasẹ̀ ìlànà kan tí à ń pè ní ríro ọlọ́tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ (fractional distillation) ní àwọn ibùdó-ìfọpo tó wà ní Pọtá, Warri, àti Kàdúná láti pèsè àwọn àgbéjáde bíi pẹtiró, kẹ́rosín, dísù àti gírísì.

*Method of mining petroleum # Ìlànà wíwa epo-rọ̀bì*

Ọ̀nà tí à ń gbà wa epo-rọ̀bì ni ọ̀nà ìdálẹ̀lu. Nínú ọ̀nà yìí, a máa ń ṣe ìyànlápẹẹrẹ àti àyẹ̀wò àwọn àpáta abẹ́le fún àwọn àmì bíbẹ epo. Nígbà tí a bá ṣàwárí epo náà, a óò gbẹ́ kànǹga kan láti dé ibẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìrànwọ́ ẹ̀rọ ìdálẹlu. A óò wá fún epo náà jáde ní ti àfẹ̀rọṣe tàbí ní ti àdámọ́ bí títẹ̀ láàárín agbègbè epo náà nínú ilẹ̀ bá ga.

Nínú ilẹ̀, àwọn ipele mẹ́ta ló wà láàárín agbègbè epo.

(a) A máa ń ri afẹ́fẹ́ àdámọ́ lókè.

(b) A máa ń rí epo-rọ̀bì láàárín.

(2) Coal # Èédú: Èyí jẹ́ orísun mìíràn fún agbára. Èédu, bíi ti epo-rọ̀bì, jẹ́ àlùmọ́nì àpáta gẹ̀dẹ̀gẹ́dẹ̀ tí a máa ń rí ní Enugu àti Okaba ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Benue. Irú èédú tó wà ní Nàìjíríà ni ẹtún ipele oníbítumẹ́ẹ̀nì. A sábà máa ń lo èédú ní gbòógì gẹ́gẹ́ bí orísun ìkòná nínú ilé àti nínú ẹ́ǹjìn reluwé látijọ́.

*Method of mining coal # Ìlànà wíwa èédú*

(a) A óò gbẹ́ isà wọnú àpáta èédú náà.

(b) A óò lo àwọn abúgbàmù láti wú àwọn èédú náà jáde.

(c) A óò lo ọkọ̀ reluwé kékeré kan láti kó èédú náà láti inú isà náà wá sí ojúde tàbí sínú àwọn ọkọ-àjàgbé láti inú ibi tí a óò ti kó o jáde lọ sí àwọn orílẹ̀èdè mìíràn tàbí kí á lò ó lábẹ́lé.

(3) Iron ore # Kùsà irin: Kùsà irin jẹ́ àlùmọ́nì àpata dídíjú ìpìlẹ̀ tí a rí ní Ìtàkpé ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Kogí àti Aladja ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Delta. Kùsà irin ni a máa ń kó wọnú ilé-àhunpọ̀ irin àti irínle ní Ajaokuta Ìpínlẹ̀ Kogi àti Aladja nítòsí Warri ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Delta.

Àwọn ilé-ẹ̀rọ fún ìrọ irin àti irínle wà ní Òṣogbo Ìpínlẹ̀ Ọ̀ṣun, Jos Ìpínlẹ̀ Plateau àti Katsina Ìpínlẹ̀ Katsina.

*Method of mining iron ore # Ìlànà wíwa kùsà irin*

A máa ń wa kùsà irin nípasẹ̀ ìlànà kan tí à ń pè ní ìjáálẹ̀ ṣíṣí. Ìrìnàjò náà lọ báyìí:

(a) A óò lo àwọn abúgbàmù láti mú àpáta ẹrù-orí kúrò.

(b) A óò wá lo ẹ̀rọ alágbára kan tí à ń pè ní gbẹ́hògbẹ́hò láti kó kùsà irin náà jọ̀ bí òkè.

(d) Omi náà yóò fọ yẹ̀pẹ̀ jáde nípasẹ̀ ọ̀wọ́ àwọn asẹ́ kan.

(e) Kùsà irin náà yóò já sí ìsàlẹ̀ àwọn asẹ́ náà nígbà tí omi yóò gbé àwọn ìdọ̀tí lọ.

(f) Irin àmúki tí a ṣẹ̀dá yìí ni a óò padà fí ṣọwọ́ sí ilé-ìgbéjáde fún yíyọ́.

(4) Tin and columbite # Tínìn àti kòlóńbáìtì: Tínìn àti kòlóńbáìtì jẹ́ àlùmọ́nì àpáta dídíjú ìpìlẹ̀ tí a rí nítòsí Jos Ìpínlẹ̀ Plateau. À ń lo tínìn fún ìkunjú àwọn agbè ní agbooléeṣẹ́ ìfagolotọ́jú nígbà tí à ń lo kòlóńbáìtì nínú ìṣàgbélẹ̀rọ irínle alátakò ooru tí à ń lò nínú ẹ́ńjìn. Tínìn àti kòlóńbáìtì máa ń wà papọ̀ ní ti àdámọ́.

*Method of mining tin and columbite # Ìlànà wíwa kùsà tínìn àti kòlóńbáìtì*

A máa ń wa kùsà tínìn nípasẹ̀ ìlànà kan tí à ń pè ní ìjáálẹ̀ ṣíṣí. Ìrìnàjò náà lọ báyìí:

(a) A óò lo àwọn abúgbàmù láti mú àpáta ẹrù-orí kúrò.

(b) A óò wá lo ẹ̀rọ alágbára kan tí à ń pè ní gbẹ́hògbẹ́hò láti kó kùsà tínìn náà jọ̀ bí òkè.

(d) Omi náà yóò fọ yẹ̀pẹ̀ jáde nípasẹ̀ ọ̀wọ́ àwọn asẹ́ kan.

(e) Kùsà tínìn náà yóò já sí ìsàlẹ̀ àwọn asẹ́ náà nígbà tí omi yóò gbé àwọn ìdọ̀tí lọ.

(f) Tínìn àmúki tí a ṣẹ̀dá yìí ni a óò padà fí ṣọwọ́ sí ilé-ìgbéjáde fún yíyọ́.

(5) Limestone # Òkúta ẹfun: Òkúta ẹfun jẹ́ àlùmọ́nì àpáta gẹ̀dẹ̀gẹ́dẹ̀ tí a rí ní Ewékorò àti Ṣàgámù Ìpínlẹ̀ Ògùn, Ukpilla Ìpínlẹ̀ Edo, Calabar Ìpínlẹ̀ Cross River, Nkalagu Ìpínlẹ̀ Anambra, Ìpínlẹ̀ Benue àti Ìpínlẹ̀ Sókótó.

Òkúta-ẹfun jẹ́ ohunèlò atokodé tó ṣe kókó fún ìṣàgbélẹ̀rọ sìmẹ́ńtì. A ní láti ṣàkíyèsí wí pé a fi àwọn agbooléeṣẹ́ sìmẹ́ńtì sọlẹ̀ sí gbogbo àwọn agbègbè òkè yìí níbi tí a ti rí òkúta ẹfun.

*Method of mining limestone # Ìlànà wíwa okúta ẹfun*

A máa ń wa òkúta ẹfun nípasẹ̀ ìlànà kan tí à ń pè ní ìwàkúta. Ìrìnàjò náà lọ báyìí:

(a) A óò ha àwọn àpáta ẹrù-òkè kúrò pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rọ gbẹ́hògbẹ́hò láti lè dé ibi òkúta ẹfun náà.

(b) A óò wá fọ́ òkúta ẹfun náà pẹ̀lú àwọn abúgbàmù tí a óò sì kó o jáde nípasẹ̀ àwọn gbẹ́hògbẹ́hò náà sínú àwọn ọkọ̀ àjàgbé tó ń dúró láti gbé e lọ sí ibi-ìgbéjáde.

(6) Lead and zinc # Òjé àti sínǹkì: Òjé àti sínǹkì jẹ́ àlùmọ́nì àpáta gẹ̀dẹ̀gẹ́dẹ̀ tí a rí ní Abakaliki ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Ebonyi. A máa ń lò wọ́n gbòógì ní àwọn agbooléeṣẹ́ lábẹ́lé.

*Adverse effects of mining in the area of operation # Àwọn ìlapa búburú ìwakùsà ní agbègbè ìmúṣiṣẹ́*

(1) Ìsọdàìmọ́ àyíká

(2) Ìmóoru àgbáyé nípasẹ̀ ìgbéjáde àwọn afẹ́fẹ́

(3) Ìbàjẹ́ àyíká

(4) Ìdàgbàsókè àwọn ìlú ahoro

(5) Ìparun ètò-ìṣepọ̀

(6) Ìmúkúrò àwọn ìletò

(7) Ìpàdánù àwọn ilẹ̀ oko àti ilẹ̀ ìkẹ́ranjẹko

(8) Ìjà ìlúsílùú

(9) Ìdínkù ipá làálàá ní ti iṣẹ́-ọ̀gbìn

(10) Àwọn ewu ìlera, fún àpẹẹrẹ, ikọ́ sémìínsémìín, àìdúróore ẹ̀dọ̀fóró àti ọkàn

(11) Àwọn ewu ìwakùsà, fún àpẹẹrẹ, ìwólulẹ̀ ibi ìwakùsà

*Importance of minerals to the Nigerian economy # Ìṣepàtàkì àwọn àlùmọ́nì sí ọrọ̀ajé Nàìjíríà*

(1) Employment # Ìpèsè iṣẹ́: Wíwa àwọn àlùmọ́nì wọ̀nyìí máa ń pèsè iṣẹ́ fún ọ̀pọ̀lọ́pọ̀ ènìyàn.

(2) Revenue generation # Ìgbéjáde owó-àpawọléeṣẹ́: Àwọn owó-orí tí àwọn kọ́ńpìnnì ìwakùsà san, tó fi mọ́ àwọn ojúṣe ìkójáde àti ìkówọlé lórí àwọn àlùmọ́nì, jẹ́ orísun owó-àpawọléeṣẹ́ fún ìjọba.

(3) Foreign exchange earning # Ìpawó lórí pàṣípààrọ̀ òkèèrè: Ìkójáde àwọn àlùmọ́nì bíi epo-rọ̀bì, èédú àti tínìn, máa ń pèsè pàṣípààrọ̀ òkèèrè fún orílẹ̀èdè.

(4) Provision of essential goods # Ìpèsè àwọn ire tó ṣe kókó: A máa ń fa àwọn ire àti àwọn àgbéjáde tó ṣe kókó yọ lára àwọn àlùmọ́nì, fún àpẹẹrẹ, epo-rọ̀bì máa ń pèsè kẹrosín, pẹtiró, gírísì, òróró ẹ́ńjìn àti ìkòná ọkọ̀-òfúrufú.

(5) Raw materials for industries # Àwọn ohun-èlò atokodé fún àwọn agbooléeṣẹ́: Àwọn ohun-èlò atokodé bí òkúta-ẹfun ni àwọn agbooléeṣẹ́ sìmẹ́ńtì máa ń lò; agbooléeṣẹ́ irin àti irínle máa ń lo kùsà irin.

(6) Improvement of standard of living # Ìmúdárasíi ìgbéayé ìpéwọ̀n: Owó tí a pa lórí àwọn àlùmọ́nì ni a máa ń lò láti pèsè àwọn ohun amúlùúdùn tó ṣe kókó láti mú ìgbéayé ìpéwọ̀n àwọn ènìyàn dára síi.

(7) Acquisition of skills # Ìjèrè àwọn àkọ́mọ̀: Wíwá àti wíwà àwọn àlùmọ́nì wọ̀nyìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn ènìyàn jèrè oríṣìíríṣìí àkọ́mọ̀.

(8) Infrastructural development # Ìdàgbàsókè àpótí-ajé: Wíwa àwọn àlùmọ́nì ní agbègbè kan máa ń yọrí sí ìdàgbàsókè àwọn àpótí-ajé bíi pópónà, ẹ̀lẹ́tíríkì, ẹ̀rọ-ìbánisọ̀rọ̀ àti omi inú ọ̀pá ní agbègbè bẹ́ẹ̀.

(9) Growth of cities # Ìdàgbà àwọn ìlú-ńlá: Àwọn ìlú-ńlá bíi Enugu, Jos àti Warri dàgbà látàrí wíwa èédú, tínìn àti epo-rọ̀bì létòlétò.

(10) Production of geological maps # Ìgbéjáde àwọn máàpù onímọ̀ìjìnlẹ̀-ilẹ̀: Ìwákiri àwọn àlùmọ́nì ní orílẹ̀èdè yìí ti yọrí sí ìgbéjáde àwọn máàpù onímọ̀ìjìnlẹ̀-ilẹ̀ kan.

(11) Transfer of technology # Ìtàtaré ìṣàmúlò-ẹ̀rọ: Wíwá tàbí wíwà àwọn àlùmọ́nì ní orílẹ̀èdè yìí sábà máà ń yọrí sí ìtàtaré ìṣàmúlò-ẹ̀rọ láti àwọn orílẹ̀èdè alágbooléeṣẹ́.

(12) Training and retraining of personnel # Ìkọ́mọ̀ọ́nṣe àti ìtúnkọ́mọ̀ọ́nṣe àwọn òṣìṣẹ́: Àwọn akitiyan ìwakùsà ní Nàìjíríà ti yọrí sí ìkọ́mọ̀ọ́nṣe àti ìtúnkọ́mọ̀ọ́nṣe àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ lójúnà kí wọ́n lè jáfáfá nínú àwọn ìmúṣiṣẹ́ ìwakùsà.

(13) Growth of ancillary industries # Ìdàgbà àwọn agbooléeṣẹ́ alátẹ̀lé: Wíwa àwọn àlùmọ́nì tàbí àwọn akitiyan ìwakùsà máa ń yọrí lákòópọ̀ sí ìgbékalẹ̀ àwọn agbooléeṣẹ́ alátẹ̀lé tó lè ṣe ìgbélárugẹ àwọn akitiyan ìwakùsà ní orílẹ̀èdè yìí.

(14) Income to miners # Owó-apáwọlé fún àwọn awakùsà: Àwọn ènìyàn tó jẹ́ awakùsà ti lo ọ̀nà yìí láti pawó wọlé fúnra wọn.

(15) Provision of essential goods # Ìpèsè àwọn ire tó ṣe kókó: Àwọn ire tó ṣe kókó bíi sìmẹ́ńtì, wúrà, rọ́bà oníke àti táyà ni a sábà máa ń gbéjáde nípasẹ̀ àwọn akitiyan ìwakùsà.

(16) Improvement of balance of payments # Ìmúdárasíi ìbádọ́gba ìsanwó: Ìkójáde àwọn àlùmọ́nì lọ sí àwọn orílẹ̀èdè òkèèrè ti ṣèrànwọ́ láti fa ìmúdárasíi bá ìbádọ́gba ìsanwo láàárín orílẹ̀èdè méjèèjì tó ń kópa nínú iṣòwò àgbáyé.

*Problems facing mining of minerals in Nigeria # Àwọn ìṣòro tó ń kojú wíwa àwọn àlùmọ́nì ní Nàìjíríà*

(1) Inadequate capital # Àìtó ojúowó: Owónàá kì í sábà tó fún ìwákiri tàbí wíwa àwọn àlùmọ́nì ní orílẹ̀èdè yìí.

(2) Poor transportation network # Àhunpọ̀ ìgbérìnkèrindò tó mẹ́hẹ: Púpọ̀ jùlọ nínú àwọn ibi tí àwọn àlùmọ́nì sọlẹ̀ sí ni kò ṣe í dé pẹ̀lú ọ̀nà tó dára àti ètò reluwé.

(3) Use of outdated topographical maps # Lílo àwọn máàpù alápèjúweebi ìkàsè: Púpọ̀ jùlọ nínú àwọn máàpù tí à ń lò fún ìwákiri àwọn àlùmọ́nì ní orílẹ̀èdè yìí ti dìkàsè.

(4) Inadequate personnel # Àìtó àwọn òṣìṣẹ́: Àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ onímọ̀-ètò tí a nílò láti wá àwọn àlùmọ́nì kiri ni a kò kọ́mọ̀ọ́nṣe tí wọn kò sì tó rárá.

(5) Difficult terrain # Ojúulẹ̀ tó ṣòro: Ọ̀pọ̀lọ́pọ̀ àwọn awakùsà máa ń ní ìbápàdé ojúulẹ̀ tó ṣòro lásìkò ìwákiri àwọn àlùmọ́nì tí èyí sì ń ṣàlékún ìnáwó ìmúṣiṣẹ́ wọn lẹ́yìnọ̀rẹyìn.

(6) Fluctuations in world prices # Ségesège iye-owóọjà lágbàáyé: Ségesège wà nínú iye-owóọjà púpọ̀ julọ nínú àwọn àlùmọ́nì lágbàáyé tí èyí sì ń fa ìrẹ̀wẹ̀sì bá ìwákiri.

(7) Constant conflicts # Ìjà ní gbogbo ìgbà: Ìṣòro ìjà ní gbogbo ìgbà máa ń wà láàárín àwọn ọmọnílùú àti àwọn kọ́ńpìnnì tó ń wa àlùmọ́nì kiri.

(8) Environmental pollution # Ìsọdàìmọ́ àyíká: Ìsọdàìmọ́ àyíká rẹpẹtẹ máa ń wà ní ti ilẹ̀, ní ti atẹ́gùn, ní ti omi, bẹ́ẹ̀ náà ni ìdànù epo ní àwọn agbègbè tí ìwakùsà ti ń wáyé.

(9) High level of sabotage # Àkàsọ̀ gíga ní ti ìwà mọ̀dàrú: Ìṣòro wà ní ti ìdíwọ̀n gíga ìwà mọ̀dàrú láti ọwọ́ àwọn ènìyàn aláìnífẹ́ẹ̀lú ní àwọn agbègbè ìwakùsà.

(10) Poor management # Ìdarí tó mẹ́hẹ: Ìdarí tó mẹ́hẹ ní ìbárìn pẹ̀lú ìwákiri ati wíwa àwọn àlùmọ́nì tó mẹ́hẹ ní Nàìjíríà.

~Hakeem O. Adeniyan, 30/3/2022

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Economics In Yoruba Language

MINING # ÌWAKÙSÀ

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